THIS POST INCLUDES:
- LINEAGE FLOWCHART
- ABOUT
- ASSASSINATION SUSPICIONS
HOW WE ARE RELATED TO PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR
President Zachary Taylor (1784 - 1850) is Debra's 2nd cousin 7x removed
Richard Lee Taylor (1742 - 1829) is the Father of President Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor (1707 - 1768) is the Father of Richard Lee Taylor
James Taylor (1675 - 1729) is the Father of Zachary Taylor
Margaret Taylor (1720 - 1749) is the Daughter of James Taylor
Joshua Jackson (1726 - 1810) Revolutionary War Patriot: DAR Ancestor#: A061183 is the Son of Margaret Taylor
Private Drury Jackson (1754 - 1828) Revolutionary War Patriot is the Son of Joshua Jackson
Tomsey Jackson (1785 - 1850) is the Daughter of Drury Jackson
Tabitha Lockhart (1814 - 1889) is the Daughter of Tomsey Jackson
William T. Scott (1838 - 1889) is the Son of Tabitha Lockhart
Hugh Doggett Scott (1873 - 1952) is the Son of William T. Scott CSA
Alice Mitchell Scott (1910 - 1982) is the Daughter of Hugh Doggett Scott
Richard Hill is the son of Alice Scott
Debra Frieden <---me - the daughter of Richard
ABOUT:
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the
12th President of the United States and an
American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor nonetheless ran as a
Whig in the
1848 presidential election, defeating
Lewis Cass. Taylor was the last President to
hold slaves while in office, and the last Whig to win a presidential election.
Known as "Old Rough and Ready," Taylor had a forty-year military career in the
United States Army, serving in the
War of 1812, the
Black Hawk War, and the
Second Seminole War. He achieved fame leading American troops to victory in the
Battle of Palo Alto and the
Battle of Monterrey during the
Mexican–American War. As president, Taylor angered many Southerners by taking a moderate stance on the issue of slavery. He urged settlers in
New Mexico and
California to bypass the territorial stage and draft
constitutions for
statehood, setting the stage for the
Compromise of 1850. Taylor died just 16 months into his term, the third shortest tenure of any President. He is thought to have died of
gastroenteritis. Only Presidents
William Henry Harrison and
James Garfield served less time. Taylor was succeeded by his
Vice President,
Millard Fillmore.
Early life Zachary Taylor was born on a farm
[2] on November 24, 1784, in
Orange County, Virginia, to a prominent
[3] family of planters.
[4] He was the youngest of three sons in a family of nine children.
[2] His mother was Sarah Strother Taylor,
[5] and his father,
Richard Taylor, had served with
George Washington during the
American Revolution.
[3] Taylor was a descendant of Elder
William Brewster,
[6][7][8][9] the Pilgrim colonist leader and spiritual elder of the
Plymouth Colony, and passenger aboard the
Mayflower and one of the signers of the
Mayflower Compact;
Isaac Allerton Jr.,
[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] the son of
Mayflower Pilgrim Isaac Allerton and
Fear Brewster. He was a 1650 graduate of
Harvard College and was a merchant in
Colonial America; first in business with his father in
New England, and after his father's death, in Virginia. He was a
Burgess for
Northumberland County and a
Councillor of
Virginia. He became a member of the Virginia militia and ultimately rose to the rank of colonel;
James Madison was Taylor's second cousin, and both
Franklin Delano Roosevelt and
Robert E. Lee were kinsmen.
[17] During his youth, he lived on the frontier in
Louisville, Kentucky,
residing in a small cabin in a wood during most of his childhood,
before moving to a brick house as a result of his family's increased
prosperity.
[4] He shared the house with seven brothers and sisters, and his father owned 10,000 acres (40 km
2), town lots in Louisville, and twenty-six slaves by 1800.
[4]
Since there were no schools on the Kentucky frontier, Taylor had only a
basic education growing up, provided by tutors his father hired from
time to time.
[2]
He was reportedly a poor student; his handwriting, spelling, and
grammar were described as "crude and unrefined throughout his life."
[4] When Taylor was older, he decided to join the military.
[4]
Military career On May 3, 1808, Taylor joined the U.S. Army, receiving a
commission as a
first lieutenant of the
Seventh Infantry Regiment from his cousin
James Madison. He was ordered west into
Indiana Territory, and was promoted to
captain in November 1810. He assumed command of
Fort Knox when the commandant fled, and maintained command until 1814.
[18]
During the
War of 1812, Taylor successfully defended
Fort Harrison in
Indiana Territory, from an attack by
Indians under the command of
Shawnee chief Tecumseh.
[2] As a result, Taylor was promoted to the temporary rank of major,
[2] and led the 7th Infantry in a campaign ending in the
Battle of Wild Cat Creek. Taylor was also commander of the short-lived
Fort Johnson (1814), the last toehold of the U.S. Army in the upper Mississippi River Valley until it was abandoned
[19] and Taylor's troops retreated to
Fort Cap au Gris.
Reduced to the rank of captain when the war ended in 1814, he resigned
from the army, but reentered it after he was commissioned again as a
major a year later.
[2] In 1819, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and was promoted to full colonel in 1832.
[2]
In
late 1821, stationed with what was remaining of the 7th Infantry at Bay
St. Louis on the Gulf Coast, Lieutenant Colonel Taylor, received orders
from
General Gaines to "take his troops up the Red River to the vicinity of
Natchitoches, Louisiana
for the purpose of locating a new post more convenient to the Sabine
River frontier. In March of 1822, Colonel Taylor took command of
Fort Jesup,
a small point--originally called Shield's Spring--of high ground some
twenty-five miles south-southwest of Natchitoches. Colonel Taylor
occupied Ft. Jesup during the entirety of its existence--from 1822 until
1846. Charged with maintaining an American presence in the
Neutral Strip
between Louisiana and Spanish Texas, Ft. Jesup housed Colonel Taylor's
"Army of Observation", the 3rd Infantry, and the 2nd Dragoons. Ft. Jesup
provided a staging ground for the coming
Mexican-American War[20][21]
Taylor led the
1st Infantry Regiment in the
Black Hawk War of 1832, personally accepting the surrender of Chief
Black Hawk.
[2] In 1837, he was directed to
Florida, where he defeated the
Seminole Indians on Christmas Day, and afterwards was promoted to brigadier general and given command of all American troops in Florida.
[2] He was made commander of the southern division of the United States Army in 1841.
[2]
Mexican-American War In 1845,
Texas became a
U.S. state, and President
James K. Polk directed Taylor to deploy into disputed territory on the Texas-
Mexico border,
[4] under the order to defend the state against any attempts by Mexico to take it back after it had lost control by 1836.
[2] Taylor was given command of American troops on the
Rio Grande[22], the
Army of Occupation,
on April 23, 1845. When some of Taylor's men were attacked by Mexican
forces near the river, Polk told Congress in May 1846 that a war between
Mexico and the United States had started by an act of the former.
[4] That same month, Taylor commanded American forces at the
Battle of Palo Alto, using superior artillery to defeat the significantly larger Mexican opposition.
[4] In September, Taylor was able to inflict heavy casualties upon the Mexican defenders at the
Battle of Monterrey.
[4] The city of
Monterrey was considered "un-destroyable".
[4] He was criticized for not ensuring the Mexican army that surrendered at Monterrey disbanded.
[4] Afterwards, half of Taylor's army was ordered to join General
Winfield Scott's soldiers as they
besieged Veracruz.
[4] Mexican General
Antonio López de Santa Anna
discovered, through a letter written by Scott to Taylor that had been
intercepted by the Mexicans, that Taylor had only 6,000 men, many of
whom were not
regular army soldiers, and resolved to defeat him.
[4] Santa Anna attacked Taylor with 20,000 men at the
Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847, inflicting 672 American casualties at a cost of 1,800 Mexican.
[4] As a result, Santa Anna left the field of battle.
[4]
Buena Vista turned Taylor into a hero, and he was compared to
George Washington and
Andrew Jackson in the American
popular press.
[4]
Stories were reportedly told about "his informal dress, the tattered
straw hat on his head, and the casual way he always sat on top of his
beloved horse, "Old Whitey," while shots buzzed around his head".
[4]
Election of 1848 In
his capacity as a career officer, Taylor had never reportedly revealed
his political beliefs before 1848, nor voted before that time.
[23] He thought of himself as an
independent, believing in a strong and sound banking system for the country, and thought that
Andrew Jackson should not have allowed the
Second Bank of the United States to collapse in 1836.
[23]
He believed it was impractical to talk about expanding slavery into the
western areas of the United States, as he concluded that neither
cotton nor
sugar (both were produced in great quantities as a result of slavery) could be easily grown there through a
plantation economy.
[23] He was also a firm
nationalist, and due to his experience of seeing many people die as a result of warfare, he believed that
secession was not a good way to resolve national problems.
[23]
Taylor, although he did not agree with their stand on protective
tariffs and expensive internal improvements, aligned himself with
Whig Party governing policies; the President should not be able to
veto a law, unless that law was against the
Constitution of the United States; that the office should not interfere with
Congress, and that the power of collective decision-making, as well as the
Cabinet, should be strong.
[23]
After
the American victory at Buena Vista, "Old Rough and Ready" political
clubs were formed which supported Taylor for President, although no one
knew for sure what his political beliefs were.
[23]
Taylor declared, as the 1848 Whig Party convention approached, that he
had always been a Whig in principle, but he did consider himself a
Jeffersonian-Democrat.
[23]
Many southerners believed that Taylor supported slavery, and its
expansion into the new territory absorbed from Mexico, and some were
angered when Taylor suggested that if he were elected President he would
not veto the
Wilmot Proviso, which proposed against such an expansion.
[23] This position did not enhance his support from activist antislavery elements in the
Northern United States, as these wanted Taylor to speak out strongly in support of the Proviso, not simply fail to veto it.
[23] Most
abolitionists did not support Taylor, since he was a slave-owner.
[23]
Many southerners also knew that Taylor supported states' rights, and
was opposed to protective tariffs and government spending for internal
improvements.
[23] The Whigs hoped that he put the federal union of the United States above all else.
[23]
Taylor received the
Whig nomination for President in 1848.
Millard Fillmore of
Cayuga County,
New York
was chosen as the Vice Presidential nominee. His homespun ways and his
status as a war hero were political assets. Taylor defeated
Lewis Cass, the
Democratic candidate, and
Martin Van Buren, the
Free Soil candidate. Taylor was the last Southerner to be elected president until
Lyndon Johnson,
[24] 116 years later in 1964.
Taylor ignored the Whig platform, as historian Michael Holt explains:
Taylor
was equally indifferent to programs Whigs had long considered vital.
Publicly, he was artfully ambiguous, refusing to answer questions about
his views on banking, the tariff, and
internal improvements. Privately, he was more forthright. The idea of a
national bank 'is dead, and will not be revived in my time.' In the
future the tariff "will be increased only for revenue"; in other words,
Whig hopes of restoring the protective tariff of 1842
were vain. There would never again be surplus federal funds from public
land sales to distribute to the states, and internal improvements 'will
go on in spite of presidential vetoes.' In a few words, that is, Taylor
pronounced an epitaph for the entire Whig economic program.[25]
Presidency Policies Although Taylor had subscribed to
Whig principles of legislative leadership, he was not inclined to be a puppet of Whig leaders in
Congress. He ran his administration in the same rule-of-thumb fashion with which he had fought
Native Americans.
Under Taylor's administration, the
United States Department of the Interior
was organized, although the legislation authorizing the Department had
been approved on President Polk's last day in office. He appointed
former
Treasury Secretary Thomas Ewing the first
Secretary of the Interior.
[26]
Slavery At
the time Taylor became President, the issue of slavery in the western
territories of the United States had come to dominate American political
discourse, and debate between extreme pro and antislavery viewpoints
had become very pronounced.
[27] In 1849, he advised the residents of
California, including the
Mormons around
Salt Lake, and the residents of
New Mexico to create state constitutions and apply for statehood in December when Congress met.
[27] He correctly predicted that these constitutions would state against slavery in California and New Mexico.
[27]
In December 1849, and January 1850, Taylor told Congress that it should
allow them to become states, once their constitutions arrived in
Washington D.C.
[27]
He also urged that there should not be an attempt to develop
territorial governments for the two future states, since that might
increase tension between pro and antislavery activists regarding a
congressional prohibition of slavery in the territories.
[27]
Foreign affairs Taylor and his Secretary of State,
John M. Clayton, lacked much experience in foreign affairs before Taylor assumed the presidency, and Taylor was not directly involved in
diplomacy or the development of American foreign policies.
[28] Taylor's administration attempted to stop a
filibustering expedition against
Cuba, argued with
France and
Portugal over
reparation disputes owed to the US, and supported
German liberals during the
revolutions of 1848.
[28] The administration confronted
Spain, which had arrested several Americans on the charge of piracy, and assisted
the United Kingdom's search for a team of
British explorers who had gotten lost in the
Arctic.
[28] The United States had planned to construct a
canal across
Nicaragua, but the British opposed the idea, arguing that they held a special status in neighboring
Honduras.
[28]
In what was described by one source as Taylor's "most important foreign
policy move", delicate negotiations were performed with Britain, and a
"landmark agreement" was reached called the
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
[28] Both Britain and the United States agreed not to claim control of any canal that might be built in Nicaragua.
[28]
The treaty is considered to have been an important step in the
development of an Anglo-American alliance, and "effectively weakened
U.S. commitment to Manifest Destiny as a formal policy while recognizing
the supremacy of U.S. interests in
Central America".
[28] The creation of the treaty was Taylor's last act of state.
[28]
The Compromise of 1850 The slavery issue dominated Taylor's short term. Although he owned slaves on his
plantation in
Louisiana,
[29]
he took a moderate stance on the territorial expansion of slavery,
angering fellow Southerners. He told them that if necessary to enforce
the laws, he personally would lead the Army. Persons "taken in rebellion
against the Union, he would hang ... with less reluctance than he had
hanged deserters and spies in Mexico." He never wavered.
Henry Clay then proposed a complex
Compromise of 1850. Taylor died as it was being debated. (The Clay version failed but another version did pass under the new president,
Millard Fillmore.)
Death
The true cause of Zachary Taylor's premature death is not fully established.
[32] On July 4, 1850, after watching a groundbreaking ceremony for the Washington Monument during the
Independence Day celebration, Taylor sought refuge from the oppressive heat by consuming a pitcher of milk and a bowl of cherries.
[33]}
At about 10:00 in the morning on July 9, 1850, very ill, Taylor called
his wife to him and asked her not to weep, saying: "I have always done
my duty, I am ready to die. My only regret is for the friends I leave
behind me." Upon his sudden death on July 9, the cause was listed as
gastroenteritis.
[34]
He was interred in the Public Vault (built in 1835 to hold remains of
notables until either the gravesite could be prepared or transportation
arranged to another city) of the
Congressional Cemetery in
Washington, D.C.
from July 13, 1850 to October 25, 1850. Taylor was then transported to
the Taylor Family plot where his parents are buried, on the old Taylor
homestead estate known as 'Springfield'. In 1883, the
Commonwealth of Kentucky placed a fifty foot monument near Zachary Taylor's grave. It is topped by a life-sized statue of Zachary Taylor.
By
the 1920s, the Taylor family initiated the effort to turn the Taylor
burial grounds into a national cemetery. The Commonwealth of Kentucky
donated two pieces of land for the project, turning the half-acre Taylor
family cemetery into 16 acres (65,000 m
2). There, buried in
the Taylor family plot, Zachary Taylor and his wife (who died in 1852)
remained, until he and his wife were moved to their final resting place
on May 6, 1926 in the newly commissioned Taylor mausoleum (made of
limestone with a granite base, with a marble interior), nearby. Today,
President Taylor and wife Margaret rest in the mausoleum in
Louisville, Kentucky, at what is now the
Zachary Taylor National Cemetery.
[35]
Exhumation of 1991 In
the late 1980s, college professor and author Clara Rising hypothesized
that Taylor was murdered by poison and was able to convince Taylor's
closest living relative and the
Coroner of
Jefferson County, Kentucky, to order an exhumation.
[36] On June 17, 1991, Taylor's remains were exhumed and transported to the Office of the
Kentucky
Chief Medical Examiner, where radiological studies were conducted and
samples of hair, fingernail and other tissues were removed. The remains
were then returned to the cemetery and received appropriate honors at
reinterment. He was reinterred in the same mausoleum he had been
interred in since 1926. A monolith was constructed next to the mausoleum
later on.
Neutron activation analysis conducted at
Oak Ridge National Laboratory revealed
arsenic levels several hundred times lower than they would have been if Taylor had been poisoned.
[37] [38]
Rather, it was concluded that on a hot July day Taylor had attempted to
cool himself with large amounts of cherries and iced milk. “In the
unhealthy climate of Washington, with its open sewers and flies, Taylor
came down with
cholera morbus, or acute
gastroenteritis as it is now called.” He might have recovered,
Samuel Eliot Morison felt, but his doctors “drugged him with
ipecac,
calomel,
opium and
quinine (at 40 grains a whack), and bled and blistered him too. On July 9, he gave up the ghost.”
[39]
Assassination theories Despite these findings,
assassination theories have not been entirely put to rest.
Michael Parenti devoted a chapter in his 1999 book
History as Mystery
to "The Strange Death of Zachary Taylor," speculating that Taylor was
assassinated because of his moderate stance on the expansion of slavery —
and that his autopsy was botched. It is suspected that Taylor was
deliberately assassinated by arsenic poisoning from one of the
citizen-provided dishes he sampled during the Independence Day
celebration.
[32]
Other dissenting historians claim as suspicious the facts that there
were no eyewitness accounts of Taylor consuming cherries and milk on
that day; that there are no confirmed cholera outbreaks in Washington in
1850; that Taylor's symptoms were not those of typhoid (spread by
flies); that Taylor was not given the aforementioned drugs until he was
already deathly sick, on the third day of his acute illness; and that
Taylor was not bled until near death on the fifth and last day of his
illness.
[40]
Personal life In 1810, Taylor wed
Margaret Smith, and they would have six children of whom the only son,
Richard, would become a lieutenant general in the
Confederate Army.
[2] One of Taylor's daughters,
Sarah Knox Taylor, decided to marry in 1835
Jefferson Davis, the future
President of the Confederate States of America, who at that time was a lieutenant.
[2] Taylor did not wish Sarah to marry him, and Taylor and Davis would not be reconciled until 1847 at the
Battle of Buena Vista, where Davis distinguished himself as a colonel.
[2] Sarah had died in 1835, three months into the marriage.
[2] Another of Taylor's daughters, Margaret Anne, died of liver failure at age 33. Around 1841, Aria Taylor established a home at
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and gained a large
plantation and a great number of
slaves.
[2]
Taylor on US Postage The
US Post Office released the first postage stamp issue honoring Zachary
Taylor on June 21st 1875, a full 25 years after his death. In contrast,
Lincoln first appeared on US postage stamps in 1866, only one year after
his death while
James Garfield would be
honored with a postage stamp only seven months after his assassination.
-- Sixty three years later, in 1938 Taylor would appear again on a US
Postage stamp, this time on the 12-cent
Presidential Issue of 1938. Taylor's last appearance (to date, 2010) on a US postage stamp occurred in 1986 when he was honored on the
AMERIPEX presidential issue.
After Washington, Jefferson, Jackson and Lincoln, Zachary Taylor is the
fifth American President to appear on US postage. In all there are
three different postage issues that have honored Taylor.
[41] See also: US Presidents on US postage stamps
Legacy It
is contended that Taylor was not President long enough to cause a
substantial impact on the office of the Presidency, or the United
States, and that he is not remembered as a great President.
[42]
The
majority of historians believe that Taylor was too nonpolitical,
considering he was in office at a time when being involved in politics
required close ties with political operatives.
[42] The
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty is "recognized as an important step in [the] scaling down [of] the nation's commitment to
Manifest Destiny as a policy."
[42]
Taylor is one of only four presidents who did not have an opportunity to nominate a judge to serve on the
Supreme Court. The other three presidents are
William Henry Harrison,
Andrew Johnson, and
Jimmy Carter.
[citation needed]
In 1995, Taylor was inducted into the
Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in
Winnfield, Louisiana, the honor bestowed on the only U.S. President to have lived in Louisiana.
Considering the shortness of his presidency, Taylor's most notable legacy may be that he was the last
U.S. President to own slaves while holding the
Office of the President of the United States, in 1850.
Surviving family
- Taylor's son, Richard, became a Confederate Lieutenant General, while his daughter, Sarah Knox Taylor (1814–1835), married future Confederate President Jefferson Davis three months before her death of malaria. Richard Taylor's granddaughter, Anita Vincent Stauffer, married into the McIlheney family of Avery Island, Louisiana.
- Taylor's brother, Joseph Pannell Taylor, was a Brigadier General in the Union Army during the Civil War. (Joseph P. Taylor's son Joseph Hancock Taylor was a US Colonel in the Civil War and was also a son-in-law of Union General Montgomery C. Meigs.)
- Taylor's niece, Emily Ellison Taylor, was the wife of Confederate General Lafayette McLaws.
- Ann Taylor's son, John Taylor Wood, a U.S. Navy officer, defected to the Confederate side and later fled to Canada during the Civil War; his great-grandson, Zachary Taylor Wood, was Acting RCMP Commissioner, great-grandson Lieutenant Charles Carroll Wood died from wounds suffered during the Anglo Boer War, great-great-grandson Stuart Taylor Wood was Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and great-great-great-grandsons (Cst. Herschel Wood and Supt. (Ret) John Taylor Wood served in the RCMP.
References
- ^
Taylor's term of service was scheduled to begin on March 4, 1849, but
as this day fell on a Sunday, Taylor refused to be sworn in until the
following day. Vice President Millard Fillmore was also not sworn in on
that day. Most scholars believe that according to the U.S. Constitution, Taylor's term began on March 4, regardless of whether he had taken the oath or not.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Whitney, David C; Robin Vaughn Whitney (1993). The American Presidents. The Reader's Digest Association. p. 101. ISBN 1-56865-031-0.
- ^ a b Connor, Seymour V. "Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia: Taylor, Zachary". Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. http://gme-ada.grolier.com/article?assetid=0285260-0. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Zachary Taylor: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center of Public Affairs. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/taylor/essays/biography/2. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ Joyce, C. Alan (2009). The World Almanac and Book of Facts. NY: World Almanac Books. p. 520. ISBN 978-1-60057-105-3.
- ^ Jones, 251
- ^ Jones, 252
- ^ Jones, 253
- ^ Johnson, Caleb (2007). "Famous Descendants of Mayflower Passengers – Mayflower Ancestry of Zachary Taylor". http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Genealogy/famousdescendants.php. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ Jones, 38
- ^ Merrick, 30
- ^ Merrick, 31
- ^ Merrick, 32
- ^ Merrick, 33
- ^ Merrick, 34
- ^ Merrick, 35
- ^ Hamilton, Holman. "Encyclopedia Americana: Taylor, Zachary". Encyclopedia Americana. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20080210165153/http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0380680-00. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ * Allison, Harold (©1986, Harold Allison). The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians. Turner Publishing Company, Paducah. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0-9380-2107-9.
- ^ Nolan, David J. (2009). "Fort Johnson, Cantonment Davis, and Fort Edwards". In William E. Whittaker. Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 85–94. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8. http://uipress.uiowa.edu/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm.
- ^ * Middelton,
HF. (1973). Frontier outpost: a history of Fort Jesup, Louisiana,
1822-1846. (Thesis). Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge,
46–53.
- ^
Gaines to Taylor, Special Orders No. 19, March 28, 1827, LS, Hq. West
Dept., Vol I, 281; Hamilton, Zachary Taylor, 71; J. Fair Hardin, "Fort
Jesup-Fort Selden-Camp Sabine-Camp Salubrity: Four Forgotten Frontier
Army Posts of Western Louisiana, " Louisiana Historical Quarterly, XVI,
(January-October, 1933), 1-26.
- ^ The American Presidents. p. 102.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Zachary Taylor: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/taylor/essays/biography/3. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ Andrew Johnson became president through succession rather than election. Woodrow Wilson was born in Virginia, but his home and political base were in New Jersey.
- ^ Holt 1999 p 272
- ^ Holt, Michael. "Thomas Ewing (1849–1850): Secretary of the Interior". American President. University of Virginia. http://millercenter.org/president/taylor/essays/cabinet/242. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Zachary Taylor: Domestic Affairs". Miller Center of Public Affairs. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/taylor/essays/biography/4. Retrieved 2009-01-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Zachary Taylor: Foreign Affairs". Miller Center of Public Affairs. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/taylor/essays/biography/5. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
- ^ For the latter part of his life Taylor considered Louisiana his home
- ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 21, 1849, confirmed by the United States Senate on August 2, 1850, and received commission on August 2, 1850.
- ^
Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 21, 1849, confirmed
by the United States Senate on June 10, 1850, and received commission on
June 10, 1850.
- ^ a b Parenti, Michael (September 1999). History as Mystery. City Light Books. p. 304. ISBN 9780872863576.
- ^ "INGERSOLL, Jared, (1749 - 1822)". University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/taylor/essays/biography/6. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Zachary Taylor" from The White House
- ^ Zachary Taylor at Find A Grave
- ^ McLeod, Michael (July 25, 1993). "Clara Rising, Ex-uf Prof Who Got Zachary Taylor Exhumed". Orlando Sentinel. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-07-25/news/9307230997_1_zachary-taylor-arsenic-daniel-webster.
- ^ The New York Times, “Verdict In: 12th President Was Not Assassinated,” June 27, 1991; "President Zachary Taylor and the Laboratory: Presidential Visit from the Grave" from Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- ^ "President Zachary Taylor and the Laboratory: Presidential Visit from the Grave". Oak Ridge National Laboratory. http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev27-12/text/ansside6.html. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ The New York Times, “Scandal and the Heat Did Taylor In,” July 4, 1991.
- ^ Hamilton Smith, "The Interpretation of the Arsenic Content of Human Hair," Journal of the Forensic Science Society, vol. 4, summarized in Sten Forshufvud and Ben Weider, Assassination at St. Helena (Vancouver, Canada: Mitchell Press, 1978).
- ^ Scotts Identifier of US Definitive Issues
- ^ a b c "Zachary Taylor: Impact and Legacy". Miller Center of Public Affairs. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/taylor/essays/biography/9. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
Further reading
- Bauer, Jack K. Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest. Louisiana State University Press: 1993 ISBN 0807118516
- The
Brewster Genealogy, 1566–1907: a Record of the Descendants of William
Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which
founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. by Emma C. Brewster Jones, New York: Grafton Press. 1908
- Hamilton, Holman. Zachary Taylor: Soldier of the Republic (1941) vol 1
- Hamilton, Holman. Zachary Taylor: Soldier in the White House (1951) vol 2
- Holt, Michael F; The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. (1999)
- Otto, Julie Helen; Roberts, Gary Boyd (1995). Ancestors of American Presidents. Santa Clarita, Calif: New England Historic Genealogical Society. ISBN 0-936124-19-9.
- Silbey, Joel H. Party Over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848 (2009), 205 pp.
- Smith, Elbert B. The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore. University Press of Kansas: 1988. ISBN 070060362X
- List of United States Presidents who died in office
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor
PRESIDENTIAL DEATH RUMORED TO BE ASSASSINATION - FINDINGS
On July 4, 1850, President Zachary Taylor was diagnosed by his physicians with cholera morbus, a term that included diarrhea and dysentery but not true cholera. Cholera, typhoid fever, and food poisoning
have all been indicated as the source of the president's ultimately
fatal gastroenteritis. More specifically, a hasty snack of iced milk,
cold cherries and pickled cucumbers (pickles) consumed at an Independence Day celebration might have been the culprit.[42] By July 9, Taylor was dead.
In the late 1980s, author Clara Rising theorized that Taylor was murdered by poison and was able to convince Taylor's closest living relative, as well as the Jefferson County, Kentucky Coroner, Dr. Richard Greathouse, to order an exhumation. On June 17, 1991 Taylor's remains were exhumed from the vault at the Zachary Taylor National Cemetery, in Louisville, Kentucky. The remains were then transported to the Office of the Kentucky Chief Medical Examiner, Dr. George Nichols. Nichols, joined by Dr. William Maples, a forensic anthropologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida,
removed the top of the lead coffin liner to reveal remarkably well
preserved human remains that were immediately recognizable as those of
President Taylor. Radiological studies were conducted of the remains
before small samples of hair, fingernail and other tissues were removed.
Thomas Secoy of the Department of Veterans Affairs (and a direct descendant of Taylor's Democratic presidential opponent Lewis Cass),
ensured that only those samples required for testing were removed and
that the coffin was resealed. The remains were then returned to the
cemetery and received appropriate honors at reinterment. The samples
were sent to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where neutron activation analysis revealed traces of arsenic at levels less than one one-hundredth of the level expected in a death by poisoning.[43]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots
Zachary Taylor
